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51.
Daizhou Zhang Guangyu Shi Yasunobu Iwasaka Min Hu Jiaye Zang 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(3-6):261-276
Analysis of individual particles collected at Beijing in northern China revealed that particles abundant in calcium (Ca) always
constituted a large fraction of mineral particles in the urban atmosphere. The particles were characterized by cubic morphologies.
The major mineral element in the particles was Ca and few or no other mineral elements were detected. A large number of the
particles were in the range of diameter <1 μm, where common natural mineral particles were rarely detected. The contribution
of the Ca particles to the volume of total mineral particles greatly exceeded that of other mineral particles during non-dust-storm
periods and was comparable to that during dust-storm periods. Reagent film tests showed that particulate sulfate and nitrate
formation on the Ca particles was similar to that on common mineral particles. These results indicate that a large portion
of Ca in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing was from anthropogenic sources rather than from natural sources, and
the anthropogenic Ca particles acted as a significant medium for the formation of sulfate and nitrate. Similar particles were
also detected at Qingdao, a coastal city in northern China. Data of a dust storm event showed that Ca-abundant particles from
East China arrived there and moved out of the continent, similarly to Asian dust storm particles, suggesting possible contributions
of anthropogenic Ca even in Asian dust storm samples in the downstream areas. Therefore, Ca may not be a good indicator of
Asian dust from natural sources. However, the Ca particles, due to their unique shapes and elemental compositions, may provide
an indicator for the atmospheric dispersion of anthropogenic particulate matters in East Asia. 相似文献
52.
53.
The contemporary copper cycle of Asia 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
Amit?KapurEmail author Marlen?Bertram Sabrina?Spatari Kensuke?Fuse Thomas E.?Graedel 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):143-156
A regional stock and flow model for an industrial metal was developed based on the substance-flow framework. Using this model, the contemporary copper cycle of the Asian region was constructed by aggregating country-level production and import and export data for different stages of the copper cycle. The reliability and availability of data were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Asia as a region is a net importer of copper. There is a significant build-up of copper in use at a rate of nearly 3TgCu/year. The per capita generation of copper waste (0.4kgCu/(capita-year)) and the rate of secondary recovery of copper are low compared with Europe and North America. Japan's rates of use, waste generation, and recycling of copper are all much larger than the continental average. A tremendous potential exists in the region to utilize the copper content of the in-use reservoir, and subsequently to enhance copper recycling rates in the future. A set of metrics for the copper cycle is suggested in order to address sustainability issues related to resource policy and the environmental management of copper. 相似文献
54.
Mekong River Fish Conservation Zones in Southern Laos: Assessing Effectiveness Using Local Ecological Knowledge 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Small-scale fisheries are important in Laos, where rural people heavily depend upon Mekong River and tributary fish stocks
for their livelihoods. Increasing pressures from human exploitation and habitat disturbance, however, have raised serious
concerns about the potential depletion of various species. This has led to the establishment of large numbers of Fish Conservation
Zones (FCZs) or “no-take” fish sanctuaries in southern Laos based on a “community-based fisheries co-management” framework.
This study uses the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers to assess the effectiveness of village-managed FCZs in enhancing
fish stocks in the mainstream Mekong River in Khong District, Champasak Province. Focus group interviews about species that
are believed to have benefited from different FCZs are compared with parameters such as FCZ area, age, depth, localized gradient,
water velocity, and the presence of wetland forests nearby. The results suggest that no one aspect is likely to account for
variations in fish stocks; rather, it is the interaction between numerous factors that has the largest impact. Secondly, the
results indicate that microhabitat diversity and protection are critical for maintaining and enhancing Mekong fisheries. Deep-water
pools are particularly important as dry season refuges for many fish species, and FCZ depth may be the single most important
environmental factor affecting the success of FCZs in the Mekong River. FCZs have the most potential to benefit relatively
sedentary species, but may also benefit highly migratory species, given the right conditions. This study shows that integrated
approaches to stock assessment that employ LEK and scientific fisheries management have considerable potential for improving
Mekong capture-fisheries management. 相似文献
55.
Ming-Der Li Author Vitae Author Vitae Kai-Kuo Chang Author Vitae Author Vitae Ming-Chang Jeng Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(6):623-630
Introduction
Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.Method
This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.Results
A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.Conclusion
Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.Impact on industry
Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions. 相似文献56.
重点生态功能区以保持并提高生态产品供给能力为主体功能定位,区内自然环境敏感性和脆弱性突出,研究其人类活动过程中的环境污染源排放特征与空间管控模式,对科学协调保护与利用、切实加强重点生态功能区环境保护和治理水平具有重要意义.以青藏高原重要生态安全屏障区藏东南为例,基于环境污染源的固体废弃物、水体污染物和大气污染物排放强度的分类估算与空间特征解析,探讨面向污染源排放强度和多尺度管控精度的分级空间管控方案.研究结果表明:藏东南环境污染源的排放强度整体较低,雅鲁藏布江和雅尼河谷地因人类生产生活活动密度较大,其污染物排放量显著高于其他区域;在重点生态功能区应建立由7个二级类和21个三级类构成的环境污染源空间管控体系,重点管控以城镇居住区和工矿业生产空间为主的"点状"胁迫、以交通运输场所和人文游憩空间为主的"线状"胁迫、以农业种植区和畜禽养殖区为主的"面状"胁迫;针对藏东南各类环境污染源的空间耦合及交互特征,提出城乡生活集聚型、农牧业生产集聚型和休闲旅游集聚型3种典型区,依次制定"分级处理+资源利用"、"源头减排+就地消纳"、"实时动态监控+绿色设施营造+游憩利用规范"的差异化空间管控模式. 相似文献
57.
N. G. O. Boroffka H. Obernhänsli G. A. Achatov N. V. Aladin K. M. Baipakov A. Erzhanova A. HöRnig S. Krivonogov D. A. Lobas T. V. Savel’eva B. Wünnemann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(1):71-85
The shore of Lake Aral in Kazakhstan is a perfect area for studying the human adaptation strategy to past climate changes. New archaeological material, gathered along the northern shores during the expedition of the INTAS project CLIMAN, is briefly presented. Changes in settlement activity during the Atlantic and Subboreal are related to lake level changes of the Aral Sea. A previ-ously proposed lake level maximum needs to be revised. In particular the lake level stand at 72/73 m, with an assumed age of 5000 BP is definitely refused. Based on the presented data the maximum lake level most probably never reached beyond 57/58 mean average sea level (masl). Furthermore the regression during the 15th–16th centuries has been underestimated. It may have been lower than the present day level. Thus the present desiccation of the Aral Sea is historically not unique, as a similar regression, probably induced by man as well, has occurred at least once during history. A readjustment of the water level is, therefore, possible at any time. 相似文献
58.
59.
Fifty-six representative samples of topsoil were collected around Guanting Reservoir, which is an important water source for
Beijing. Concentrations of the insecticides HCH, DDT, and their metabolites were quantified by use of gas chromatography (GC)
with electron capture detection (ECD). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are still present in surface soils in the Guanting
area. DDT accounts for about 93% of the total OCP content. Concentrations of α/γ, β/γ, and DDT/DDE are the result not only
of historical use, but also of more recent depositions. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA)
and cluster analysis (CA), revealed associations between concentrations of OCPs and major soil characteristics. Geographical
information system (GIS) technology was used to develop maps of the distributions of OCP concentrations. The areas of greatest
contamination were primarily in the central part of the study area and were correlated with greater population density, heavier
traffic, and more industrial activity. 相似文献
60.
Concentrations of heavy metals were determined in the water column (including the sea-surface microlayer, subsurface, mid-depth
and bottom water) and sediments from Singapore’s coastal environment. The concentration ranges for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb
and Zn in the seawater dissolved phase (DP) were 0.34–2.04, 0.013–0.109, 0.07–0.35, 0.23–1.16, 0.28–0.78, 0.009–0.062 and
0.97–3.66 μg L−1 respectively. The ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.16–0.73, 6.72–53.93,
12.87–118.29, 4.34–60.71, 1.10–6.08 and 43.09–370.49 μg g−1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments ranged between 0.054–0.217, 37.48–50.52, 6.30–21.01, 13.27–26.59,
24.14–37.28 and 48.20–62.36 μg g−1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The lowest concentrations of metals in the DP and SPM were most frequently found
in the subsurface water while the highest concentrations were mostly observed in the SML and bottom water. Overall, heavy
metals in both the dissolved and particulate fractions have depth profiles that show a decreasing trend of concentrations
from the subsurface to the bottom water, indicating that the prevalence of metals is linked to the marine biological cycle.
In comparison to data from Greece, Malaysia and USA, the levels of metals in the DP are considered to be low in Singapore.
Higher concentrations of particulate metals were reported for the Northern Adriatic Sea and the Rhine/Meuse estuary in the
Netherlands compared to values reported in this study. The marine sediments in Singapore are not heavily contaminated when
compared to metal levels in marine sediments from other countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea, Spain and China. 相似文献